To Meriwether Lewis, esquire, Captain of the 1st regiment of infantry
of the United States of America:
Your situation as Secretary of the President of the United States has made you
aquainted
with the objects of my confidential message of Jan. 18, 1803, to the legislature. You have seen the
act they passed, which, tho' expressed in general terms, was meant to sanction those objects, and you
are appointed to carry them into excecution.
Instruments for ascertaining by celestial observations the geography of the country
thro' which you will pass, have already been provided. Light articles for barter, & presents amoung
the Indians, arms for your attendants, say for from 10 to 12 men, boats, tents, and other travelling
apparatus, with ammunition, medicine, surgical instruments & provisions you will have prepared
with such aids as the Secretary of War can yield in his department; & from him also you will recieve
authority to engage amoung our troops, by voluntary agreement, the number of attendants above
mentioned, over whom you, as their commanding officer are invested with all the powers the laws
give in such a case.
As your movements while within the limits of the U.S. will be better directed by
occasional communications, adapted to circumstances as they arise, they will not be noticed here.
What follows will respect your proceedings after your departure from the U.S.
Your mission has been communicated to the Ministers here from France, Spain,
and Great Britain, and through them to their governments: and such assurances given them as to
it's objects as we trust will satisfy them. The country of Louisiana having been ceded by Spain
to France, the representative of the present sovereign of the country, will be a protection with all
it's subjects: And that from the Minister of England will entitle you to the friendly aid of any
traders of that allegiance with whom you may happen to meet.
The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, & such principal stream
of it, as, by it's course & communication across the continent, for the purpose of commerce.
Beginning at the mouth of the Missouri, you will take observations of latitude
& longitude, at all remarkable points on the river, & especially at the mouths of rivers, at rapids,
at islands & other places & objects distinguished by such natural marks & characters of a durable
kind, as that they may with certainty be recognized hereafter, the courses of the river between
these points of observation may be supplied by the compass, the log-line & by time, corrected
by the observations themselves. The variations of the compass too, in different places, should
be noticed.
The interesting points of the portage between the heads of the Missouri & the
water offering the best communication with the Pacific Ocean should also be fixed by observation,
& the course of that water to the ocean, in the same manner as that of the Missouri.
Your observations are to be taken with great pains & accuaracy, to be entered
distinctly, & intelligibly for others as well as yourself, to comprehend all the elements necessary,
with the aid of the usual tables, to fix the latitude and longitude of the places at which they were
taken, & are to be rendered to the war office, for purpose of having the calculations made concurrently
by proper persons within the U.S. Several copies of these, as well as your other notes, should be
made at leisure times & put into the care of the most trustworthy attendants, to guard by multiplying
them, against the accidental losses to which they will be exposed. A further guard would be that one
of these copies be written on the paper of the birch, as less liable to injury from damp than
common paper.
The commerce which may be carried on with the people inhabiting the line you
will pursue, renders a knolege of these people important. You will therefore endeavor to make yourself
acquainted, as far as a diligent pursuit of your journey shall admit,
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with the names of the nations &
their numbers;
the extent & limits of their possessions;
their relations with other tribes or
nations;
their languages, traditions, monuments;
their ordinary occupations in agriculture,
fishing, hunting, war arts, & the implements for these;
their food, clothing, & domestic accomodations;
the diseases prevalent amoung them, & the remedies they use;
moral & physical circumstances which
distinguish them from the tribes we know;
peculiarities in their laws, customs & dispositions;
and articles of commerce they may need or furnsh, & to what extent.
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And considering the interest which every nation has in extending & strengthening
the authority of reason & justice among the people around them, it will be useful to acquire what
knolege you can of the state of morality, religion & information amoung them, as it may better enable
those who endeavor to civilize & instruct them, to adapt their measures to the existing notions &
practises of those on whom they are to operate.
Other objects worthy of notice will be
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the soil and face of the country generally, it's growth & vegetable productions; especially
those not of the U.S.
the animals of the country generally, & especially those not known in the
U.S., the remains and accounts of any which may deemed rare or extinct;
the
mineral productions of every kind; but more particularly metals, limestone, pit coal & saltpetre;
salines & mineral waters, noting the temperature of the last, & such circumstances as may indicate
their character.
Volcanic appearances.
climate as characterized
by the thermometer, by proportion of rainy, cloudy, & clear days, by lightening, hail, snow, ice,
by the access & recess of frost, by the winds prevailing at different seasons, the dates at which
particular plants put forth or lose their flowers, or leaf, times of appearance of particular birds,
reptiles or insects.
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Altho' your route will be along the channel of the Missouri, yet you will endeavor
to inform yourself, by inquiry, of the character & extent of the country watered by it's branches,
& especially on it's Southern side. The North river or Rio Bravo which runs into the gulph of
Mexico, and the North river, or Rio colorado, which runs into the gulph of California, are understood
to be the principal streams heading opposite to the waters of the Missouri, and running Southwardly.
Whether the dividing grounds between the Missouri and them are mountains or flatlands, what are
their distance from the Missouri, the character of the intermediate country, & the people inhabiting
it, are worthy of particular enquiry. The Northern waters of the Missouri are less to be enquired
after, because they have been ascertained to a considerable degree, and are still in a course
of ascertainment by English traders & travellers. But if you can learn anything certain of the most
Northern source of the Missisipi, & of it's position relative to the lake ot the woods, it will
be interesting to us. Some account too of the path of Canadian traders from the Missisipi, at the
mouth of the Ouisconsin river, to where it strikes the Missouri and of the soil & rivers in it's
course, is desirable.
In all your intercourse with the natives treat them in the most friendly way
& conciliatory manner which their own conduct will admit; allay all jealousies as to the object
of your journey, satisfy them of it's innocence, make them acquainted with the position, extent,
character, peacable & commercial dispositions of the U.S. of our wish to be neighborly, friendly &
useful to them, & of our dispositions to a commercial intercourse with them; confer with them on
the points most convenient as mutual emporiums, & the articles of most desirable interchange for them
& us. If a few of their influential chiefs, within practicable distance, wish to visit us, arrange
such a visit with them, and furnish them with authority to call on our officers, on entering the
U.S. to have them conveyed to this place at public expence. If any of them should wish to have
some of their young people brought up with us, & taught such arts as may be useful to them, we
will receive, instruct & take care of them. Such a mission, whether of influential chiefs, or
of young people, would give some security to your own party. Carry with you some matter of the
kine-pox; inform those of them with whom you may be of it' efficacy as a preservative from the
small-pox; and instruct & encourage them in the use of it. This may be especially done wherver
you winter.
As it will be impossible for us to forsee in what manner you will be recieved
by these people, whether with hospitality or hostility, so is it impossible to prescribe the exact
degree of perseverance with which you are to pursue your journey. We value too much the lives of
citizens to offer them to probably destruction. Your numbers will be sufficient to secure you
against the unauthorised opposition of individuals, or of small parties: but if a superior force,
authorised or not authorised, by a nation, should be arrayed against your further passage, &
inflexibly determined to arrest it, you must decline it's further pursuit, and return. In the
loss of yourselves, we should lose also the information you will have acquired. By returning safely
with that, you may enable us to renew the essay with better calculated means. To your own discretion
therefore must be left the degree of danger you may risk, & the point at which you should decline,
only saying we wish you to err on the side of your safety, & bring back your party safe, even
it be with less information.
As far up the Missouri as the white settlements extend, an intercourse will
probably be found to exist between them and the Spanish posts at St Louis, opposite Cahokia, or
Ste Genevieve opposite Kaskaskia. From still farther up the river, the traders may furnish a
conveyance for letters. Beyond that you may perhaps be able to engage Indians to bring letters
for the government to Cahokia or Kaskaskia, on promising that they shall there receive such
special compensation as you shall have stipulated with them. Avail yourself of these means to
communicate to us, at seasonable intervals, a copy of your journal, notes & observations of every
kind, putting into cypher whatever might do injury if betrayed.
Should you reach the Pacific ocean (one full line scratched out and indecipherable)
inform yourself of the circumstances which may decide whether the furs of those parts may be
collected as advantageously at the head of the Missouri (convenient as is supposed to the waters
of the Colorado & Oregon or Columbia) as at Nootka sound or any other point of that coast; & that
trade be consequently conducted through the Missouri & U.S. more beneficially than by the
circumnavigation now practised.
On your arrival on that coast endeavor to learn if there be any port within
reach frequented by the sea-vessels of any nation, and to send two of your trusty people back
by sea, in such a way as shall appear praticable, with a copy of your notes. And should you be
of opinion that the return of your party by the way they went will be eminently dangerous, then
ship the whole, & return by sea by way of Cape Horn or the Cape of good Hope, as you shall be able.
As you will be without money, clothes or provisions, you must endeavor to use the credit of the
U.S. to obtain them; for which purpose open letters of credit shall be furnished you authorising
you to draw on the Executive of the U.S. or any of its officers in any part of the world, on which
drafts can be disposed of, and to apply with our recommendations to the Consuls, agents, merchants
or citizens of any nation with which we have intercourse, assuring them in our name that any aids
they may furnish you, shall honorably repaid, and on demand. Our consuls Thomas Howes at Batavia
in Java, William Buchanan of the isles of France and Bourbon, & John Elmslie at the Cape of good
hope will be able to supply your necessities by draughts on us.
Should you find it safe to return by the way you go, after sending two of your
party round by sea, or with your whole party, if no conveyance by sea can be found, do so; making
such observations on your return as may serve to supply, correct or confirm those made on your
outward journey.
In re-entering the U.S. and reaching a place of safety, discharge any of your
attendants who may desire and desrve it, procuring for them immediate paiment of all arrears of
pay & clothing which may have incurred since their departure; & assure them that they shall be
recommended to the liberality of the legislature for the grant of a soldier's protion of land
each, as proposed in my message to Congress & repair yourself with your papers to the seat of
the government.
To provide, on the accident of your death, against anarchy, dispersion & the
consequent danger to your party, and total failure of the enterprise, you are hereby authorised,
by any instrument signed & written in your hand, to name the person among them who shall succeed
to the command on your decease, & by like instruments to change the nomination from time & time,
as further experience of the characters accompanying you shall point out superior fitness: and
all powers and authorities given to yourself are, in the event of your death, transferred to &
vested in the successors in like manner to name each his successor, who, on the death of his
predecessor, shall be invested with all powers & authorities given to yourself.
Given under my hand at the city of Washington, this 20th day of June 1803
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